ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fertilization with composted sewage sludge and irrigation with drinking water (DW) and fertigation with wastewater (WW) in wheat crop using fuzzy rule-based system. The experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil and Environmental Resources, of FCA, UNESP - Botucatu, with factorial 6 × 2, which were applied 6 doses of sewage sludge (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250% of nitrogen recommendation) and two types of effluents (treated water and sewage). In the developing of the system based in fuzzy rules, it was used the Mamdani inference method, where the input variables were sewage sludge doses and water types and the output variables used were the number of tillers, length and number spike per plant; number of spikelet per plant, grain mass per spike and dry mass of the aerial parts. It can be seen that the sewage sludge and the effluent contributed to the higher increase of production, and at 150% sludge dose occurred higher production.

ABSTRACT Several research lines are required to ensure a proper disposal of sewage sludge in Brazil; among them, we may highlight agricultural use. In this sense, this study aimed at assessing the effect of exchanging nitrogen sourcing via conventional fertilization (chemical) with growing doses of composted sewage sludge (CSS) on wheat crop performance. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and ten replications, being defined as T0 (control – without fertilization); T1 (100% mineral fertilization); T2 (50% mineral + 50% CSS); T3, T4, T5, and T6 (100, 150, 200, and 250% nitrogen fertilizing from CSS). Results showed that the use of CSS increased wheat production and development, therefore enhancing its performance. Thus, exchanging mineral fertilization with CSS application raised wheat yields.

Neste trabalho se propôs avaliar o efeito da aplicação do lodo de esgoto durante dois anos sucessivos, na cultura do girassol e seu efeito residual na produtividade do trigo e triticale. Trabalhou-se durante dois anos consecutivos com a cultura do girassol semeando-se, após a colheita do segundo ano, o trigo e o triticale sem aplicação de lodo de esgoto. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados constituído por 6 tratamentos e 5 repetições: T0 - sem adubação com nitrogênio; T1 - adubação química nitrogenada de acordo com a necessidade de cultura; T2 - 50% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto e 50% na forma da adubação química, em cobertura; T3 - 100% da adubação nitrogenada do recomendado pela cultura, proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T4 - 150% da adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto e T5 - 200% da adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto. No girassol o lodo de esgoto proporcionou maior rendimento de grãos e de óleo no acumulado dos dois anos de aplicação sem, no entanto, interferir no teor de óleo, no triticale não interferiu no rendimento de grãos enquanto no trigo o melhor tratamento foi o de 150% da dose de N proveniente do lodo de esgoto.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of factors of production within two years of application of sewage sludge on sunflower and its residual effect on productivity of wheat and triticale. The study was conducted for two consecutive years with sunflower cultivation and after harvest of the second year wheat and triticale were sown without the application of sewage sludge fertilization. The experimental design of randomize blocks was adopted consisting of six treatments and five repetitions: T0 - without nitrogen fertilization; T1 - chemical nitrogen in accordance with Technical Buletin 100. (100% N chemical fertilizers), T2 - 50% Nitrogen from sewage sludge and 50% in the form of chemical fertilizer, top dressing, T3 - 100% of nitrogen recommended for the crop, from sewage sludge, T4 - 150% of nitrogen from sewage sludge; T5 - 200% of nitrogen from sewage sludge. In the sunflower the sewage sludge promoted a higher grain yield and yield of oil accumulated in the two years of application and did not affect the oil content. In triticale the combination of residual effect of two years with sludge and mineral N fertilization resulted in a greater number of plants and a higher yield. In wheat the best treatment was 150% of the dose of N from sewage sludge residual effect of two applications in sunflower.

Dentre as diversas alternativas de disposição final de lodo de esgoto no Brasil, o uso agrícola se destaca por sua economicidade e adequação ambiental. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do lodo de esgoto compostado e do N nos parâmetros produtivos do girassol, após a sexta aplicação de lodo de esgoto em diferentes doses. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, SP, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP de Botucatu,SP. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados constituídos por 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições, assim definidos: T0 - sem adubação nitrogenada; T1 - adubação química nitrogenada de acordo com a recomendação da cultura; T2 - 50% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto e 50% na forma mineral; T3 - 100% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T4 - 150% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T5 - 200% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto. O aumento da dose de lodo de esgoto e o N proporcionaram um aumento no rendimento de grãos, de óleo e de matéria seca. O N influenciou no aumento de peso de mil grãos.

In Brazil, among the various alternatives for final disposal of sewage sludge, agricultural use is notable for its economy and environmental compatibility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of composted sewage sludge and N parameters on sunflower production after the sixth application of sewage sludge in different doses. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm São Manuel-SP, belonging to the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu-SP. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks, consisting of six treatments and four replications defined as follows: T0 - without nitrogen fertilization; T1 - chemical nitrogen fertilizer in accordance with the recommendation for the crop; T2 - 50% nitrogen derived from sewage sludge and 50% in mineral form; T3 - 100% nitrogen from sewage sludge; T4 - 150% nitrogen from sewage sludge; T5 - 200% nitrogen from sewage sludge. Increasing the dose of sewage sludge and N provided an increase in grain yield, oil and dry matter. The N influenced the increase in the weight of thousand grans.

O efluente proveniente de abatedouro de peixes possui alto teor de nitrogênio, um dos principais causadores de eutrofização nos corpos d'água. Sua remoção pode ser feita em duas etapas separadas: nitrificação e desnitrificação. Este experimento teve como objetivo testar a influência da vazão de ar (valores de 1 a 3 L min-1) e a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (de 40 a 100 mg L-1) no processo de nitrificação. Foi utilizado um reator em batelada sequencial com biomassa imobilizada, com volume útil de 2,5 L, operado conforme delineamento composto central rotacional, em que as variáveis-resposta analisadas foram percentagem de conversão de nitrogênio amoniacal a nitrato e percentagem de acúmulo de nitrito. Os resultados mostraram, com intervalo de confiança de 95%, que o aumento dos dois fatores diminuiu significativamente a percentagem de conversão de nitrogênio amoniacal a nitrato. Já a percentagem de acúmulo de nitrito aumentou significativamente quando houve aumento da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal, não sendo influenciada significativamente pela vazão de ar. Durante o experimento, a melhor condição de operação encontrada para o equilíbrio das reações foi com concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal de 70 mg L-1 e com vazão de ar de 2 L min-1.

The fish slaughterhouse effluent presents high levels of nitrogen, one of the major causes of eutrophication in water bodies. Nitrogen removal can be accomplished in two separate stages: Nitrification and Denitrification. This experiment aimed to test the influence of air flow (values between 1 and 3 L min-1) and ammonia nitrogen concentration (between 40 and 100 mg L-1) in the nitrification process. A 2.5 L volume sequencing batch reactor with immobilized biomass was operated as central rotational composed design, where the evaluated results were conversion of ammonia nitrogen to nitrate in percentage and nitrite accumulation in percentage. The results with confidence interval of 95% showed that the increase of both variables resulted in the significant reduction of the percentage of nitrogen conversion to nitrate. The nitrite accumulation percentage significantly increased with the ammonia nitrogen increase, although it was not observed significant influence of air flow. During the experiment the best condition found for the equilibrium of the reactions was 70 mg L-1 of ammonia nitrogen and air flow of 2 L min-1.